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International Journal of Travel Medicine and Global Health
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Ghazali, M., Shah, S., Mahmood, M. (2018). Factor Analysis of a Novel Scoring-Based Instrument on Forecasting Malaysian Travelers’ Behavioral Preparedness for Travel-Related Infectious Diseases. International Journal of Travel Medicine and Global Health, 6(2), 54-63. doi: 10.15171/ijtmgh.2018.11
Muhammad Haikal Ghazali; Shamsul Azhar Shah; Mohd Ihsani Mahmood. "Factor Analysis of a Novel Scoring-Based Instrument on Forecasting Malaysian Travelers’ Behavioral Preparedness for Travel-Related Infectious Diseases". International Journal of Travel Medicine and Global Health, 6, 2, 2018, 54-63. doi: 10.15171/ijtmgh.2018.11
Ghazali, M., Shah, S., Mahmood, M. (2018). 'Factor Analysis of a Novel Scoring-Based Instrument on Forecasting Malaysian Travelers’ Behavioral Preparedness for Travel-Related Infectious Diseases', International Journal of Travel Medicine and Global Health, 6(2), pp. 54-63. doi: 10.15171/ijtmgh.2018.11
Ghazali, M., Shah, S., Mahmood, M. Factor Analysis of a Novel Scoring-Based Instrument on Forecasting Malaysian Travelers’ Behavioral Preparedness for Travel-Related Infectious Diseases. International Journal of Travel Medicine and Global Health, 2018; 6(2): 54-63. doi: 10.15171/ijtmgh.2018.11

Factor Analysis of a Novel Scoring-Based Instrument on Forecasting Malaysian Travelers’ Behavioral Preparedness for Travel-Related Infectious Diseases

Article 3, Volume 6, Issue 2, Spring 2018, Page 54-63  XML PDF (731 K)
Document Type: Original Article
DOI: 10.15171/ijtmgh.2018.11
Authors
Muhammad Haikal Ghazali orcid ; Shamsul Azhar Shah; Mohd Ihsani Mahmood
Department of Community Health, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (UKMMC), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Receive Date: 06 April 2018,  Revise Date: 22 April 2018,  Accept Date: 25 April 2018 
Abstract
Introduction: Preparedness for the prevention of travel-related infectious diseases among Malaysian international travelers has yet to be explored. With no such data, health programs to empower travelers on behavioral responses towards travel-related illnesses will be ineffective. The current study aimed to develop and validate a new scoring-based instrument measuring Malaysian international travelers’ preparedness in terms of their risk perception (RP), attitude, and practices (RisPAK-Q) towards travel-related infectious diseases using factor analysis.
Methods: The newly developed instrument was tested among 200 Malaysian international travelers based on the systematic random sampling method. The number of domains, model-fit index, construct validity, and internal consistency for this instrument were determined using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA).
Results: Twenty-two out of 34 questions were retained, and the following 5 domains were extracted: RP, pre-travel attitude (PTA), during-travel attitude (DTA), general traveling practice, and food practice (FP). All 22 questions had factor loadings of above 0.6. All 5 domains achieved a stable model fit index with good convergent and discriminant construct validity of above 0.5 indicated by the average variance extracted (AVE) with all of the maximum shared variance (MSV) values below their corresponding AVEs. All domains also had high internal consistency with a composite reliability (CR) of above 0.7.
Conclusion: The RisPAK-Q containing 22 questions in 5 domains is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring the preparedness of Malaysian travelers for travel-related infectious diseases and can be used in a subsequent larger study.
Keywords
factor analysis; Infectious Disease; Travel Health; validation; Malaysia
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